Resumen de la tesis que presenta Lenis Sorley Bonilla Pabón como requisito parcial para la obtención
del grado de Maestra en Ciencias en Ciencias de la Vida
Análisis de la virulencia y resistencia a fungicidas de Fusarium oxysporum patógeno de zarzamora
Resumen aprobado por:
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Dr. Domingo Martinez Soto
Director de tesis
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Resumen en español
México es el principal productor mundial zarzamora y Michoacán el estado que concentra la mayor parte de la producción nacional. Sin embargo, la producción de zarzamora se ha visto severamente afectada por la enfermedad conocida como marchitez vascular causada por el hongo Fusarium oxysporum, la cual ha provocado pérdidas de alrededor de 3000 ha entre el 2011 hasta el 2015, y de 2500 ha en el 2020. El objetivo general de este proyecto fue analizar la virulencia y la resistencia de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. mori a fungicidas. Se utilizaron siete aislados procedentes de los municipios de los Reyes y Peribán, muestreados de plantas de zarzamora variedad “Tupy” sintomáticas del estado de Michoacán. Así mismo se incluyeron los aislados de referencia GL 1804 y F3001procedentes de Estados Unidos. Los aislados Fo1, Fo3, Fo7 y GL1804 fueron seleccionados para realizar las pruebas de virulencia donde se encontró que el aislado más virulento fue Fo1 el cual mató a la mayoría de las plantas entre 23 y 27 días. Por otra parte, los aislados Fo1 y Fo7 mostraron similitud en el grado de virulencia y el GL1804 fue el aislado menos virulento. No obstante, las diferencias estadísticamente significativas en virulencia se detectaron únicamente entre Fo1 y GL1804. También Se determinó el porcentaje de tolerancia de estos aislados al confrontarse con 15 diferentes fungicidas (11 químicos – dos orgánicos y dos a base de extractos de plantas), realizándose el crecimiento de cada cepa en cuatro diferentes tratamientos, 1, medio mínimo con fungicida, 2, medio mínimo sin sacarosa y con fungicida, 3, medio mínimo como control 4, Medio mínimo sin sacarosa como control. Se encontró que el extracto de gobernadora Larrea tridentata fue el fungicida más efectivo al inhibir al 100% el crecimiento de todos los aislados estudiados, igualmente los fungicidas extractos vegetales, carbendazim, tiabendazol, cyprodonil y fludioxonil, dodina y trifumizol resultaron ser eficaces. Por otro lado, todos los aislados mostraron resistencia a los fungicidas mancozeb, metalaxil, aceite de tomillo. Los aislados de México resultaron ser más resistentes a la mayoría de los fungicidas en comparación con los dos aislados de U.S.A.
Palabras clave: Fusarium oxysporum, virulencia, resistencia, fungicidas, zarzamora
Resumen en inglés
México is the world's leading producer of blackberries, and Michoacán is the state with the most significant national production. However, blackberry production has been affected by the blackberry wilt caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. mori. From 2011 to 2015, this disease provoked losses of around 3000 ha; in 2020, it caused losses of 2,500 ha. This research aimed to analyze the virulence and resistance to the fungicides of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. mori. Seven fungal isolates were collected from symptomatic blackberry plants cv "Tupy" in Los Reyes and Periban municipalities from Michoacan State, México. Also, the fungal isolates GL1804 and F3001 collected in California were included in this work. The isolates Fo1, Fo3, Fo7, and GL1804 were chosen for virulence tests. The plants inoculated with Fo1 died earlier, at 23 to 27 days post-infection (dpi), compared to plants inoculated with Fo3, Fo7, and GL1804. The isolates Fo3, Fo7, and GL1804 showed the same degree of virulence, and Fo1 showed a significantly more virulent behavior. Furthermore, this study determined the tolerance of all isolates to 15 fungicides (11 chemicals, two organics, two from plant extracts). Each strain was treated under four conditions: 1, minimal culture medium plus fungicide; 2, minimal culture medium without sucrose plus fungicide; 3, minimal culture medium as a control; and 4, minimal culture medium without sucrose as a control. The results revealed that the fungicide governor extract (Larrea tridentata) was 100% effective in inhibiting the growth of F. oxysporum. In addition to plant extracts, the fungicides carbendazim, thiabendazole, cyprodonil, fludioxonil, dodine, and trifumizole were effective against F. oxysporum. Interestingly, all strains showed tolerance to the fungicides mancozeb, metalaxil, and thyme oil. Under a global view of the results, the fungal isolates collected from México were more resistant to fungicides than those collected in California.
México is the world's leading producer of blackberries, and Michoacán is the state with the most significant national production. However, blackberry production has been affected by the blackberry wilt caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. mori. From 2011 to 2015, this disease provoked losses of around 3000 ha; in 2020, it caused losses of 2,500 ha. This research aimed to analyze the virulence and resistance to the fungicides of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. mori. Seven fungal isolates were collected from symptomatic blackberry plants cv "Tupy" in Los Reyes and Periban municipalities from Michoacan State, México. Also, the fungal isolates GL1804 and F3001 collected in California were included in this work. The isolates Fo1, Fo3, Fo7, and GL1804 were chosen for virulence tests. The plants inoculated with Fo1 died earlier, at 23 to 27 days post-infection (dpi), compared to plants inoculated with Fo3, Fo7, and GL1804. The isolates Fo3, Fo7, and GL1804 showed the same degree of virulence, and Fo1 showed a significantly more virulent behavior. Furthermore, this study determined the tolerance of all isolates to 15 fungicides (11 chemicals, two organics, two from plant extracts). Each strain was treated under four conditions: 1, minimal culture medium plus fungicide; 2, minimal culture medium without sucrose plus fungicide; 3, minimal culture medium as a control; and 4, minimal culture medium without sucrose as a control. The results revealed that the fungicide governor extract (Larrea tridentata) was 100% effective in inhibiting the growth of F. oxysporum. In addition to plant extracts, the fungicides carbendazim, thiabendazole, cyprodonil, fludioxonil, dodine, and trifumizole were effective against F. oxysporum. Interestingly, all strains showed tolerance to the fungicides mancozeb, metalaxil, and thyme oil. Under a global view of the results, the fungal isolates collected from México were more resistant to fungicides than those collected in California.
Palabras clave: Fusarium oxysporum, virulence, resistance, fungicide, blackberry